How to explain short tenure at first job in interviews?

Recently, I left my first company after working there for about a year. While I completed a major project during my time there, I ultimately decided to leave because of irreconcilable issues with my manager.

The situation was challenging - I never clicked with my manager despite my efforts, and the workplace atmosphere felt outright hostile. I received zero positive feedback from my manager throughout my tenure, and any negative feedback was unconstructive - just criticism without actionable improvement areas, as I understand a manager is supposed to do. I felt like staying longer would lead to burnout and potentially damage the good work I'd accomplished. Thus, I timed my departure right after completing my project to leave on a professional note and maintain a positive impression.

Now I'm unemployed, and have heard a major backlash from family and colleagues, and also that leaving a first job so quickly looks bad on a résumé. This feedback has me second-guessing my decision.

So my real question is: Did I make the right call, or should I have toughed it out longer? Also, how should I frame it in an upcoming interview without throwing my former employer under the bus?