Application Engineer, Workday

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Implement a SnapshotArray that supports the following interface: SnapshotArray(int length) initializes an array-like data structure with the given length. Initially, each element equals 0. void set(index, val) sets the element at the given index to be equal to val. int snap() takes a snapshot of the array and returns the snap_id: the total number of times we called snap() minus 1. int get(index, snap_id) returns the value at the given index, at the time we took the snapshot with the given snap_id For example: Input: [SnapshotArray,set,snap,set,get] [[3],[0,5],[],[0,6],[0,0]] Output: [null,null,0,null,5] Explanation: SnapshotArray snapshotArr = new SnapshotArray(3); // set the length to be 3 snapshotArr.set(0,5); // Set array[0] = 5 snapshotArr.snap(); // Take a snapshot, return snap_id = 0 snapshotArr.set(0,6); snapshotArr.get(0,0); // Get the value of array[0] with snap_id = 0, return 5 What data structures and algorithms are best suited for this problem? What are the time and space complexities of each operation?

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Let's delve into the realm of networking. Imagine you are tasked with designing a network for a growing company with three distinct departments: Engineering, Marketing, and Sales. Each department has unique needs and security requirements. The Engineering department requires high bandwidth for data transfer and code compilation, the Marketing department needs access to various social media platforms and marketing tools, and the Sales department needs secure access to customer data and CRM systems. Furthermore, the company wants to implement a guest network for visitors. The network should be designed with scalability, security, and performance in mind. Considering these requirements, address the following: Describe the network topology you would choose and why. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of your chosen topology in this scenario. Outline the IP addressing scheme you would implement. Include subnetting details and justification for your choices. Discuss the security measures you would implement to protect each department's data and ensure network security. Elaborate on firewall rules, access control lists (ACLs), and intrusion detection/prevention systems (IDS/IPS). Explain how you would segment the network to isolate the guest network from the internal network. What specific technologies or configurations would you use to achieve this? Describe how you would ensure high availability and redundancy in the network design. What measures would you take to prevent single points of failure? Outline the routing protocols you would use and why. How would you configure them to optimize network performance and ensure efficient data delivery? Discuss how you would monitor and manage the network to ensure optimal performance and security. What tools and techniques would you employ for network monitoring and troubleshooting?

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Could you describe a situation where you faced a significant memory leak issue in a C++ application and how you diagnosed and resolved it? Please walk me through the tools and techniques you used, the challenges you encountered, and the ultimate solution you implemented. For example, imagine you're working on a large-scale C++ application for processing high-volume financial transactions. The application is experiencing performance degradation over time, eventually leading to crashes. After initial investigation, you suspect a memory leak. Describe your approach to identifying the source of the leak. Consider discussing the specific tools you might employ, such as memory profilers (e.g., Valgrind, AddressSanitizer), debugging techniques (e.g., heap analysis), and code review strategies. What were some of the initial hypotheses you formed, and how did you validate or refute them? What were the key code areas you focused on based on your initial findings? Furthermore, explain any specific coding practices or patterns that contributed to the leak (e.g., improper use of smart pointers, forgetting to release dynamically allocated memory). How did you correct these issues, and what steps did you take to prevent similar leaks from occurring in the future? Did you implement any automated testing or monitoring to detect memory leaks early on? Finally, reflect on any lessons learned from this experience and how it has shaped your approach to memory management in C++.