Asking Great Questions [Part 1] - How This Course Works

As a software engineer, you need to learn fast, and in order to do this, you simply have to ask a *ton* of questions. This course is here to teach you how you can ask high quality questions that get you the answers you need while *increasing* your reputation among the team. Here are the core parts of the lesson:

- Your instructor [Alex Chiou](https://www.linkedin.com/in/alexander-chiou/) walks you through his extensive 10+ year Silicon Valley background across top companies like Meta and Robinhood, explaining how he was able to raise new-grad Meta engineers \[E3\] all the way to high-performing tech leads \[E5, Greatly Exceeds Expectations\] in just 3 years

- You'll understand why asking questions is an art with a high skill ceiling, not a binary choice between *"Do I ask"* and *"Do I not ask?"*

- We walk you through the course objectives. By the end of the course, you will:

  - 🧠 Have the right **mentality** behind asking questions

  - 💡 Turn questions into a **strength**, not a weakness

  - ✨ Understand the difference between a **high-quality** question and a **low-quality** question

  - ⚙️ Ask stellar **technical** questions

  - 🙏 Ask for **favors** effectively

If you want to learn how Alex got his mentees promoted so quickly: [\[Case Study\] Mentoring Junior SWEs \[E3\] to Senior \[E5\] In Just 2.5 Years At Meta](https://www.jointaro.com/lesson/EX9563YnxcJb62cCmetg/case-study-mentoring-junior-swes-e3-to-senior-e5-in-just-25-years-at-meta/)

Level Up Your Code Quality As A Software Engineer [Part 3] - The Myth About Better Code

So many software engineers and engineering managers don't actually understand the relationship between code velocity and code quality. This lesson will teach you:

- Why code quality and code velocity aren't at odds with one another, completely busting the myth that writing better code makes you ship more slowly as a software engineer. In fact, they actually go quite well together!
- The true, nuanced relationship between how good a software engineer's code is and how fast they move
- Where you want to be as a software engineer when it comes to balancing code quality and code velocity
- How the highest-performing software engineers use their stellar code quality as an asset to move faster and land more impact than everyone else

Once You Get This, You Will Be Able To Fix Any Software Bug

The foundation for debugging and just getting software as a whole is understanding the end-to-end flow. This is a mental framework that can be applied to any language and any stack, even if you have never worked on it before.

For most of you, you're working with something like this:

1. The client sends an API call to the back-end
2. The server receives the request and parses out the model
3. The server queries the database for the appropriate data
4. The server returns the data in a formatted JSON response
5. The client receives the response and parses it
6. The client translates the models into UI and renders it

Once you figure out what steps are necessary for the flow you're debugging, you can systematically go through them one-by-one until you identify which one is breaking.

Related resources:

- [\[Case Study\] Solving A Multi-Million $$ Instagram Bug](https://www.jointaro.com/lesson/WYk4J05iBqOuPtD0CYKX/case-study-solving-a-multi-million-dollardollar-instagram-bug/)
- ["How can I become more independent and better at unblocking myself with tricky technical issues?"](https://www.jointaro.com/question/QhqQQGrDgFjZbqohpKe0/how-can-i-become-more-independent-and-better-at-unblocking-myself-with-tricky-technical-issues/)
- ["How can I root cause bugs faster?"](https://www.jointaro.com/question/PSv7aYI70VwaDsoRgMyW/how-can-i-root-cause-bugs-faster/)

Rockstar Software Engineer Story: SW2 -> Principal In Just 4 Years

- An engineer joined Mixpanel as a level 2 Software Engineer, and received 4 promotions in 4 years to become a Principal Tech Lead Manager (TLM).
- Key to his success was the ability to make rapid progress on one of the company's top priorities: reduce infrastructure spend.
- He had a hypothesis that the majority of the cost incurred came from a few customers where the economics were backward for Mixpanel.
- Rather than solving a gnarly technical problem, the engineer worked with these customers to change their use of compute resources, resulting in massive savings for the company.

For more resources about becoming a rockstar engineer:

- ["What's the core insight behind quick growth?"](https://www.jointaro.com/question/nJ762p255cGyuth36H6w/whats-the-core-insight-behind-quick-growth/)
- ["What's the difference between a low performer software engineer and a high performer?"](https://www.jointaro.com/question/nMxx2EMVIlJbl1oK4SGu/whats-the-difference-between-a-low-performer-software-engineer-and-a-high-performer/)
- [Mentoring Junior SWEs \[E3\] to Senior \[E5\] In Just 2.5 Years At Meta](https://www.jointaro.com/lesson/EX9563YnxcJb62cCmetg/case-study-mentoring-junior-swes-e3-to-senior-e5-in-just-25-years-at-meta/)

Ace The ML System Design Interview [Part 1] - Introduction

We've created this course to help you navigate the machine learning system design interview, drawing from our extensive experience in big tech. Our goal is to demystify the process and provide you with the tools to succeed. Here's what you'll learn from this course:

- A structured approach to tackling complex machine learning system design interviews
- How to showcase your machine learning expertise, seniority, and communication skills beyond just designing a system
- Techniques for effectively communicating complex machine learning concepts to both technical and non-technical stakeholders
- Strategies to evaluate trade-offs and analyze the pros and cons of different engineering techniques
- How to stay calm, focused, and confident throughout the interview process

If you like what Ilya has to say, subscribe to his YouTube for more high-quality ML/AI career guidance: [MLEpath - YouTube](https://go.mlepath.com/taro-youtube-mlepath)

If you want hands-on support from Ilya to crack the FAANG ML interview, join his coaching program: [MLEpath - Coaching Program](https://go.mlepath.com/taro-march-25)

Ace Your Tech Interview As A Software Engineer [Part 2] - Organizing Your Job Search

A lot of software engineers struggle on the job search because they're just randomly flailing around, drifting from interview failure to interview failure without learning from the overall process. This lesson teaches you:

- The surprisingly basic master plan every successful job search must follow
- How to fix a job search where you are failing to get interviews to begin with
- Actions you can take when you are failing to pass interviews
- What a healthy time spent looks like depending on whether you are trying to *get* interviews vs. trying to *pass* interviews
- How you can organize your job search and turn it into a well-oiled machine where you are constantly overcoming obstacles and improving

[Masterclass] How To Build Deep Relationships Quickly In Tech

Professional networking is vital for a healthy career, especially as a software engineer. However, many tech workers struggle with building relationships, especially introverts. In this masterclass, we teach you how to improve your interpersonal communication and build meaningful professional connections quickly, which might even make you some work friends along the way.

There were a ton of important points from this masterclass, so here's our Top 5 (in no particular order):

- **You're going to get burned, and that's okay** - Professional networking is just like making friends or dating: You will meet people where it just doesn't work out. Don't let that tear you down and make you cloister up. Move on from those relationships and continue investing in new people.
- **Make them feel special** - Asking someone for a huge favor with some copy-paste message isn't networking: It's begging. The classic example is cold messaging random people for referrals into their FAANG company. If you want any chance of success with a reach out, make sure to deeply explain your background and credibility alongside why you reached out to that specific person in particular - Put them on a pedestal.
- **Understand their incentives** - One of the biggest reasons people fail with networking is that they're entirely caught up in what *they're* looking for, reducing their networking to "*How can I get this other person to give me what I want?"*. Successful relationships are those where each party is able to provide lots of value to one another, and the first step to doing that is to understand what the *other* person wants and what motivates them. When it comes to networking within a company, this is usually tied to what they get rewarded for in performance review.
- **Lead with kindness** - Only helping others when they have already helped you is a recipe for weak, slow-growing professional networks. Kindness is 10x more valuable in building up a relationship when it's unexpected, making the pleasant surprise of helping someone who's never helped you before especially powerful. For a deep dive into this concept (including a story about how Taro cofounders Alex and Rahul met), check out: ["How do you network effectively within a company?"](https://www.jointaro.com/question/DwT9GtdYK9nwFV3a7jrU/how-do-you-network-effectively-within-a-company/)
- **Maximize 1 on 1 meetings** - 1 on 1s are the core engine behind deepening interpersonal communication, and that includes professional ones. Schedule a recurring 1 on 1 if possible with anybody you want to build a deep relationship with, and make sure to use that time well. Embrace [the art of the "Awkward 1 on 1"](https://www.jointaro.com/lesson/xjeFRpp5YHxG9TTK8wjn/1-on-1s-are-the-time-to-be-awkward/) to share honest feedback, talk about how you're feeling, and learn who they truly are as a person. To learn more about this, watch this: [\[Masterclass\] How To Have Impactful 1 on 1 Meetings](https://www.jointaro.com/lesson/FEK6JZqW2Jg3rdN9yeGn/masterclass-how-to-have-impactful-1-on-1-meetings/)

Related resources:

- [Alex's Guide To Effective Communication](https://www.jointaro.com/playlist/hVdLQQzfslaYarLSCmmy/)
- ["How do I lead without authority?"](https://www.jointaro.com/question/BWv3hFSELbn59mXJbkNB/how-do-i-lead-without-authority/)
- [What Makes A Truly Great Tech Lead](https://www.jointaro.com/lesson/uHqZZ15SK19MatEvLSO6/what-makes-a-truly-great-tech-lead-a-vp-of-engineerings-perspective/)
- [Presentation Slides](https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1TDdBRQTGc66T35PzB5SwcJ3HQci_csdy8mzKxQu3law/edit?usp=sharing)

Maximizing a Severance Package 1/9 - Introduction

You are being laid off, getting fired, or just want to move on - learn how to get the best package as a part of your transition out of your company.

What's In the Course:

- The Law
- Termination Circumstances
- Never Accept on the Spot
- Preparing Your Case
- The Mind of the Manager
- Common Asks and Gives
- Can You Sue?
- Summary

##### [**Ethan Evans**](https://www.linkedin.com/in/ethanevansvp/) is a retired Amazon Vice President, now sharing his leadership expertise. Ethan has reviewed over 10,000 resumes in his career, conducted more than 2500 interviews, and been part of several layoffs. These career growth courses are developed from his own knowledge and input from his extensive network of fellow coaches and executives.

- Connect with [**Ethan on LinkedIn**](https://www.linkedin.com/in/ethanevansvp/)
- Taro members get a discount to join [**Ethan's Level Up community**](https://levelupwithethanevans.substack.com/taro25)

Acing Tech Interviews In A Bad Job Market

Here are the core points from the session:

- **Organize and track your job search** - Every successful job search is split up into the 2 overall steps of *"Get interviews"* and *"Pass interviews"*. It's crucial to figure out which step you're struggling with as the solutions for each phase are wildly different. If your conversion rate from application -&gt; interview opportunity is less than 5%, that's a sign that you need to improve at the *"Get interviews"* step. Use a spreadsheet to keep track of how all your opportunities go, so you can construct a funnel and figure out which stage of the offer journey needs shoring up.
- **Have the right mentality** - *Do not view interviews as a "make or break" opportunity, even if they are!* When you put that much pressure on yourself during an interview, you become extremely high-strung and your performance tanks, particularly when you get a problem that you have never seen before (which is guaranteed to happen for any good tech company). Instead, go into every interview relaxed and view it as a fun learning opportunity where you get to hang out with very talented engineers. Having the wrong mentality is one of the most common reasons engineers fail FAANG interviews: Alex interviewed tons of candidates back at Meta where they had the skills and knowledge but they completely fell apart during the interview.
- **Learn how to cold message** - Too many engineers send generic cold messages to Big Tech recruiters, which is a complete waste of time. Cold messages really only work when you're doing it with a smaller company (&lt;250 employees) and putting actual effort into the message. Spend 10-15 minutes actually trying out that company's product and show that you've done that homework in your cold message.

Check out the full 4.5+ hour course diving even deeper into this session's concepts: [\[Course\] Ace Your Tech Interview And Get A Job As A Software Engineer](https://www.jointaro.com/course/ace-your-tech-interview-and-get-a-job-as-a-software-engineer/)

Get Taro Premium at a discount with our special link here: <https://www.jointaro.com/r/achiou15/>

For more job searching resources:

- ["How to get referrals?"](https://www.jointaro.com/question/FQIi8us9uoTDIYdzMhvg/how-to-get-referrals/?playlistId=roKqDHgxu4C5CioEFpJY)
- ["How to get interview calls?"](https://www.jointaro.com/question/MWJfUBnnUr8CKYFCO8bp/i-want-to-land-a-job-in-a-big-tech-as-a-swe-how-to-do-it/?playlistId=roKqDHgxu4C5CioEFpJY)
- ["What are the best websites for applying for tech jobs?"](https://www.jointaro.com/question/VkuG4W88SZ83Ek7AfLP6/what-are-the-best-websites-for-applying-for-tech-jobs/)
- ["How to figure out why I'm not passing onsite interviews?"](https://www.jointaro.com/question/CdmrIsMFPFbsRqRUvueu/how-to-figure-out-why-im-not-passing-onsite-interviews/?playlistId=IPFmEPUhAmizNe9ZUWV5)
- ["I want to land a job in a big tech as a SWE - How to do it?"](https://www.jointaro.com/question/MWJfUBnnUr8CKYFCO8bp/i-want-to-land-a-job-in-a-big-tech-as-a-swe-how-to-do-it/?playlistId=roKqDHgxu4C5CioEFpJY)

How This Onboarding Course Works

Onboarding into a new job is (hopefully) the start of a rewarding and impactful career change. "*Welcome to the rest of your life*" is apt when you're the new employee: you are setting the stage for the rest of your job. Make it count!

This course will guide you through the onboarding process as a software engineer. Rahul will share his experiences and knowledge to help you establish relationships, navigate change, and prevent common failure modes. By the end, you'll have a clear understanding of how to build respect, measure progress, and succeed in your new role

Why Rahul is qualified to teach this course: 

- Across full-time and internships, Rahul has worked at 7 different companies with wildly different onboarding processes
- Rahul has directly coached and mentored hundreds of engineers as they started in new roles
- Rahul has seen what works (and what doesn't) when engineers apply the advice on the job

When engineers fail to productively ramp up in a company, it's often because they are one extreme of the spectrum of panicked to complacent: 

- **Panicked engineers** lack focus, try to do/read everything, and are very stressed out. 
- **Complacent engineers** are too reactive, lack curiosity, and are not stressed enough.

If you're looking for a job, start with this course: [Ace Your Tech Interview And Get A Job As A Software Engineer.](https://www.jointaro.com/course/ace-your-tech-interview-and-get-a-job-as-a-software-engineer/)

What's the Difference Between A Senior And Staff Engineer?

The mark of someone who is NOT ready to be a staff engineer: Asking what needs to happen to get to staff.

A staff engineer should identify problems worth solving, and then get buy-in across the org to solve the problem.

- Despite each staff engineer's journey being different, there's still an opportunity to learn from the examples of other promotion cases. Here's an example from Rachel's days at Yelp with a talented staff engineer:
  - Google announced an algorithm change for SEO ranking, which would favor websites with better mobile friendliness.
  - An engineer on a feature team recognized that this would hurt Yelp and brought it up very proactively.
  - They drove a proposal and broke down the problem with several domain experts in the organization.
  - It took a while, but they were able to ship a quality, long-term solution.
- Instead of just looking at "what" new problem to solve, there's also opportunity for very senior engineers to breakdown the "how" to accomplish a large, ambiguous problem and get to staff.

If you enjoyed this video, you can watch all of Rachel's other Taro videos here: <https://www.jointaro.com/topic/rachel-zhao/>

For more resources on getting to staff:

- ["How can I come up with big initiatives, especially those at a Staff level?"](https://www.jointaro.com/question/c3LcBDXEcxA85y9jlFjz/how-can-i-come-up-with-big-initiatives-especially-those-at-a-staff-level/)
- ["For a Staff engineer at a Big Tech company, what should their first 3-6 months look like?"](https://www.jointaro.com/question/X8QYtxzD7SXdzMfcnBiX/for-a-staff-engineer-at-a-big-tech-company-what-should-their-first-3-6-months-look-like/)
- ["How do I come up with innovative, impactful ideas and bring them to my team?"](https://www.jointaro.com/question/3QIJhAT4loA7n1hSfCuw/how-do-i-come-up-with-innovative-impactful-ideas-and-bring-them-to-my-team/)

Build Deep Relationships Quickly In Tech [Part 1] - How This Course Works

Trying to break into FAANG, but you have no close friends there willing to give you a strong referral? Aiming for a promotion, but you don't have enough senior peers to vouch for you? These are career shortfalls engineers face constantly, and it's because *they don't have a strong enough network*.

This course is here to fix that issue for you, because at the end of the day, your network is your net worth, especially in a hyper-competitive tech market. Here are the core parts of the lesson:

- Your instructor [Alex Chiou](https://www.linkedin.com/in/alexander-chiou/) walks you through his extensive 10+ year Silicon Valley background with rapid career advancement, ending up as a high-performing tech lead making $750k at Robinhood. Most importantly, he goes through how he's built a massive network full of talented people willing to fight for him across his career and the many career benefits he's reaped from that.

- We walk you through the course objectives. By the end of the course, you will:

  - 🌟 Understand the **\#1 rule** of networking

  - 2️⃣ Set up a basic **2-step process** for networking

  - 🤝 Know how to find the **best people** for your network

  - 🏃 Develop tools to **build relationships fast**

  - 🛑 Save time by **avoiding common mistakes**

Grow From Mid-Level To Senior Engineer [Part 2] - Why Is The Senior Promotion So Hard?

For most engineers, going from junior to mid-level isn't too hard with many of them achieving it unintentionally. This leads to them being surprised when the next promotion of mid-level to senior is so painfully difficult. This lesson teaches you:

- The fundamental dynamic shift in skill development going from mid-level to senior
- Why team selection is very important for growing to senior
- The ambiguity of the senior promotion and the 2 broad paths you can take to get there
- The large lagging nature of the senior promotion

Dig deeper into the overall phenomena covered here with the overall promotion course: [\[Course\] Nail Your Promotion As A Software Engineer](https://www.jointaro.com/course/nail-your-promotion-as-a-software-engineer/)

The MANY Benefits of Code Review (What You Didn't Realize)

In this video, we explore the deeper value of **code review**—going beyond its obvious impact on code quality to highlight how it shapes team culture, collaboration, and continuous learning. While improving code is a benefit, we emphasize that the long-term value lies in building a stronger, more aligned engineering team.

### Key Takeaways:

- **We use code review to improve code quality**: At a basic level, reviews catch issues and lead to cleaner, more maintainable code—but that’s just the surface-level benefit.
- **We treat code review as essential feedback**: Just like feedback in any other domain, having someone else evaluate our work helps us grow—technically and professionally.
- **We build team awareness and cross-pollination**: Code reviews help teams stay aligned and aware of each other’s work, which strengthens cohesion and product velocity.
- **We learn even when no changes are made**: Valuable discussions often emerge from understanding *why* code was written a certain way, even if the final diff remains unchanged. This raises the collective standards of the team.
- **We view code review as a cultural cornerstone**: We love it so much that reviewing code became a natural, even joyful, part of our daily routine—it’s how we grow, connect, and elevate our craft.

Grow From Junior To Mid-Level Engineer [Part 1] - How This Course Works

Congratulations on breaking into tech as an engineer! Let's get you off to a great start. Here are the core parts of the lesson:

- Your instructor [Alex Chiou](https://www.linkedin.com/in/alexander-chiou/) walks you through his extensive 10+ year Silicon Valley background with rapid career advancement, ending up as a high-performing tech lead making $750k at Robinhood. More importantly, he goes through how he was able to grow his mentees to lightning fast promotions, particularly at Meta where he grew 10+ junior engineers (E3) to mid-level engineers (E4) in just 1 year!

- You'll understand what it means to be a junior vs. a mid-level engineer in the market, including the interview space

- We walk you through the course objectives. By the end of the course, you will understand:

  - 💡 Truly understand the **difference** between a junior engineer and a mid-level engineer

  - 🛠️ Learn to **code** like a mid-level engineer

  - 💪 Know what it means to be truly **independent**

  - 🧠 Have the right **mindset** to act as a mid-level

  - ✅ Define a clear **roadmap** to mid-level

If you haven't already, we recommend taking the overall promotion course here: [Nail Your Promotion As A Software Engineer](https://www.jointaro.com/course/nail-your-promotion-as-a-software-engineer/)

15 SWE Years In 1.5 Hours [Part 1] - Rahul's Story

The best way to grow is to make mistakes, and [Rahul Pandey](https://www.linkedin.com/in/rpandey1234/) is proud to say that he's made a lot of them (and learned a ton along the way). That's why this course exists - Rahul is here to teach you everything he's learned throughout his \~15 years of struggle, so you don't make the same mistakes he did.

In this lesson, Rahul covers:

- His prestigious background
- Why patience is key to actually learning and growing as a software engineer
- The core components behind a successful engineering career

Top System Design Interview Mistakes [Part 3] - Don't Try to "Prove Seniority"

In system design interviews, trying to prove your seniority by showcasing advanced technical knowledge can backfire if not aligned with the problem at hand. This video emphasizes the importance of focusing on the relevant issues:

- Avoid bringing up complex topics that aren't directly relevant to the current problem
- Demonstration of how a candidate can get sidetracked by discussing hot shards too early
- Focus should be on solving the core problem before diving into specific technical details
- We go through an example of a candidate who thoughtfully considers the actual challenges and bottlenecks before proposing solutions
- Success in system design interviews comes from identifying and addressing the right problems, not just showcasing knowledge

If you need extra help with your system design interview, [Formation.dev](https://formation.dev/partners/taro) can provide you hands-on, personalized support. Join us here: <https://formation.dev/partners/taro>

The Journey to Staff Engineer In Big Tech (Panel Discussion) - Sep 2023

The journey to Staff Engineer is unique for everybody. In this session, we talk about all the ways we got there! Senior Engineer is a terminal level at most tech companies.

Staff Engineer is the next level up. This is referred to as Staff at Meta/Google, or Principal Engineer at Amazon/Microsoft.

Themes discussed in the video:

- Staff Engineers need to have multiplicative impact and influence across multiple teams. There are several ways to achieve this (occasionally referred to as archetypes): code machine, architect, product thinking, fixer, and more.
- Communication, and right-sizing it to the level and discipline of your audience, is critically important.
- Being able to speak to real, quantifiable numbers when it comes to the impact you have is essential.
- Staff engineers are typically known as the experts in certain domains or situations. Becoming well-known in an area is a skill and does require some amount of marketing.

See discussions about Staff Engineers on Taro: <https://www.jointaro.com/topic/staff-engineer/>

Publicly available promotion stories:

- [Ryan's Instagram video processing improvements](https://engineering.fb.com/2022/11/04/video-engineering/instagram-video-processing-encoding-reduction/)
- [Rahul's internal tool for debugging](https://www.jointaro.com/lesson/qvp2quodqAEWSkN7sayt/case-study-building-a-meta-internal-tool-to-empower-an-entire-org-staff-promotion-story/)

Panelists:

- [Zach Wilson](https://www.linkedin.com/in/eczachly/)
- [Rahul Pandey](https://www.linkedin.com/in/rpandey1234/)
- [Carly Taylor](https://www.linkedin.com/in/carly-taylor-data/)
- [Lee McKeeman](https://www.linkedin.com/in/lmckeeman/)
- [Ryan Peterman](https://www.linkedin.com/in/ryanlpeterman/)

Watch the [Q&A portion of the panel here.](https://www.jointaro.com/lesson/P7bEwvDaCuYRfEtmfcaL/the-journey-to-staff-engineer-in-big-tech-qanda/)

Watch the full [Senior to Staff course on Taro](https://www.jointaro.com/lesson/NE3J4vWP7BoWlNgbRtCw/becoming-a-staff-engineer-in-big-tech-panel-discussion/).

DSA Crash Course [Part 3] - Max Value Walkthrough

In this lesson, Alvin walks through the python implementation for the *max_value* problem.

Code along and test your work in the following editor workspace: <https://structy.net/problems/max-value?language=py>

If you need additional support taking these DSA skills and actually applying them, take [Alvin's](https://www.linkedin.com/in/alvin-zablan-b73a92117/) *complete* data structures and algorithms course on [Structy](https://structy.net/?utm_source=taro). You can try out the concepts yourself in their interactive code editor and learn advanced DSA patterns like stack exhaustive recursion.

Use [this link to get 20% off](https://structy.net/purchase?promo_code=taro20) the entire Structy DSA learning experience.

Follow Alvin on LinkedIn: <https://www.linkedin.com/in/alvin-zablan-b73a92117/>

Asking Great Questions [Part 3] - The Key Behind Questions That Don't Suck

There are good questions, and there are bad questions. One of the main ways to thrive as a software engineer is quite simple: *Ask **good** questions*. So how do we do that? This lesson teaches you:

- The key concept behind asking a truly good question
- Why empathy is an engineering superpower in general
- The concrete way to identify a bad question
- The concrete way to identify a good question

Tech Career Growth Videos

Our instructional videos provide software engineers with insights needed for career growth. Masterclasses go incredibly in-depth on a specific tech topic while case studies are real examples from established engineering leaders.